<p>Males and females show dramatic differences in their vulnerability to the same diseases. For example, compared to men, lupus is six times more prevalent, thyroid cancer is three times more prevalent, and unipolar depression is twice as prevalent in women. Diseases with a strong male bias include autism (5:1), dilated cardiomyopathy (3:1), and ankylosing spondylitis (5:1). Historically, such differences have been attributed solely to extrinsic factors such as circulating sex hormones or environmental influences. We hypothesized that intrinsic factors - genetic differences between XX and XY cells - have unappreciated biological consequences throughout the body and contribute to sex differences in disease incidence and severity. This hypothesis stems from our long-term effort to sequence the sex chromosomes of diverse mammalian species, which has identified a set of homologous genes on the X and Y chromosomes that are dosage-sensitive, expressed throughout the body, and encode regulators of chromatin modification, transcription, translation, and protein stability. These X- and Y-encoded genes differ in sequence and expression pattern, which likely manifests in genome-wide differences in gene regulation between XX and XY cells and influences all aspects of human biology, including sex differences in disease susceptibility. These hard-wired molecular sex differences have been largely overlooked and understudied, representing a significant gap in our knowledge of human biology.</p><p></p><div>The gene expression study of individuals with sex chromosome aneuploidies takes advantage of natural human variation in sex chromosome number, i.e. sex chromosome aneuploidy, to investigate alterations in genome-wide gene expression that correlate with changes in X- and Y-chromosome dosage. We analyzed samples from 114 individuals with a variety of sex chromosome aneuploidies, including 45,X; 47,XXY; 47,XYY; 47,XXX; 48,XXYY; and 49,XXXXY. We generated lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from blood samples and, in some cases, fibroblast cultures from skin biopsies. We supplemented our collection with previously-derived cell lines. To evaluate gene expression, we performed deep profiling of the transcriptome (RNA-seq) from these LCLs and fibroblasts. We performed parallel analyses on samples collected from 62 control 46,XX and 46,XY individuals, 6 individuals with trisomy 21, and 14 individuals with structural variations of the X and Y chromosomes. In addition, we performed CRISPRi knockdowns on 3 of the 46,XX and 3 of the 46,XY fibroblast samples for the homologous transcription factors <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7543">ZFX</a> and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7544">ZFY</a>, encoded on the X and Y chromosomes, respectively.</div><br><div>In the April 2024 update, we added RNA-seq datasets derived from isolated CD4+ T cells and monocytes from 76 and 72 adults, respectively, with the following sex chromosome constitutions: 45,X; 46,XX; 46,XY; 47,XXX; 47,XXY; 47,XYY. These individuals are largely a subset of the same cohort described above. In addition, we performed RNA-seq on <i>in-vitro</i> stimulated CD4+ T cells with the following sex chromosome constitutions: 45,X; 46,XX; 46,XY; 47,XXY.</div><br><div>In the August 2024 update, we added RNA-seq datasets generated from the following: 1) LCLs derived from individuals with AZFa deletions of the Y chromosome, 2) DDX3X and DDX3Y knockdown (via CRISPRi) in XY fibroblasts, and 3) 5-ethyl uridine (5-EU) treatment in XY and XYYYY LCLs. </div><div> </div><div> </div><p></p>

Gene Expression Study of Individuals with Sex Chromosome Aneuploidies

The human inactive X chromosome modulates expression of the active X chromosome

The human Y and inactive X chromosomes similarly modulate autosomal gene expression

Stable and robust Xi and Y transcriptomes drive cell-type-specific autosomal and Xa responses in vivo and in vitro in four human cell types

Post-transcriptional cross- and auto-regulation buffer expression of the human RNA helicases DDX3X and DDX3Y