<p>This study reports the results of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) experiments performed on three isogenic clones of the human HT29 colon cancer cell line, genetically engineered to achieve the selective inactivation of the adenovirus early 2 (E2) gene transcription factor 4 (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1874">E2F4</a>) protein, a key functional component of the multimeric transcriptional repression complex known as the dimerization partner (<a href="http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7027">DP</a>), retinoblastoma-like (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5934">RB-like</a>), <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1874">E2F</a> and multi-vulva class B (<a href="https://journals.lww.com/co-oncology/fulltext/2014/07000/the_dream_complex_in_antitumor_activity_of.10.aspx">MuvB</a>) complex (DREAM). In previous studies, we identified E2F4 as a key regulator of colorectal cancer (CRC) resistance to irinotecan (CPT-11), a cytotoxic agent that stands at the backbone of multiple chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of metastatic CRCs. The molecular mechanisms linking E2F4 to irinotecan resistance, however, remain poorly understood. The present study was designed to identify which genes are under the transcriptional control of E2F4, either at baseline or following exposure to SN38 (i.e., the active metabolite of irinotecan, generated in vivo by biotransformation in the liver) in order to clarify the role played by E2F4 in shaping colon cancer resistance to chemotherapy. The cell line used for this study (HT29) is aneuploid and contains three copies of the E2F4 gene, because of a trisomy of chromosome 16, where the E2F4 gene is located (Kawai et al., Genes, Chromosomes &#x26; Cancer, 34:1-8, 2002; PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11921276/">11921276</a>). HT29 cells were infected with lentivirus vectors encoding for CRISPR/Cas9 constructs designed to selectively inactivate the E2F4 gene, using three distinct guide-RNAs (gRNAs), each targeting a different sequence within the proximal exons of the E2F4 gene (exon 1, exon 2). Lentivirus-infected cells were sub-cloned by single-cell fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), based on the differential expression of a fluorescent reporter (EGFP) expressed in tandem with the gRNAs. Isogenic clones (EGFP+) were then screened to identify those with a tri-allelic knock-out, as revealed by both genetic sequencing of the E2F4 gene (revealing the presence of three distinct frameshift mutations) and Western blot (revealing complete loss of E2F4 protein expression). The study includes twelve (n=12) RNA-seq experiments, representative of 3 experimental replicates (i.e., three distinct isogenic clones of the HT29 cell line, each displaying complete loss of E2F4 expression) and 3 negative controls (i.e., three independent preparations of the parent HT29 cell line, infected with a lentivirus vector encoding for a non-targeting gRNA) exposed to 2 distinct in vitro cell culture conditions: a) treatment with SN38 resuspended in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); or b) treatment with DMSO alone (negative control). The in vitro treatment regimen used for SN38 (32 nM, 24 hours) was designed so that the exposure to SN38 experienced in vitro by HT29 cells would mirror the exposure to SN38 experienced in vivo by malignant tissues, as measured, for example, in metastatic CRC patients receiving a standard dose of irinotecan (180 mg/m2) administered by intravenous infusion over 90 minutes (Deyme et al., Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 88:247-258, 2021; PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33912999/">33912999</a>). </p>

The Role of E2F4 in Controlling Resistance to Irinotecan (CPT-11) in Human Colon Cancer

Comprehensive karyotyping of the HT‐29 colon adenocarcinoma cell line

Population pharmacokinetic model of irinotecan and its four main metabolites in patients treated with FOLFIRI or FOLFIRINOX regimen